User manual ROLAND HP-5500

[. . . ] (Initial value is ON) For Drum Parts, not received when Rx. NOTE ON = OFF for each Instrument. n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) vv = Volume : 00H-7FH (0-127), Initial Value = 64H (100) * * Volume messages are used to adjust the volume balance of each Part. (Initial value is ON) Pan (Controller number 10) q Polyphonic Key Pressure Status AnH 2nd bytes kkH 3rd byte vvH Status BnH 2nd bytes 0AH 3rd byte vvH n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) kk = note number : 00H-7FH (0-127) vv = key pressure : 00H-7FH (0-127) * * Not received when Rx. POLY PRESSURE (PAf) = OFF. (Initial value is ON) The resulting effect is determined by System Exclusive messages. With the initial settings, there will be no effect. n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) vv = pan : 00H-40H-7FH (Left-Center-Right), Initial Value = 40H (Center) * * For Rhythm Parts, this is a relative adjustment of each Instrument's pan setting. [. . . ] Data larger than 128 bytes must be divided into packets of 128 bytes or less. If "Data Set 1" is transmitted successively, there must be an interval of at least 40 ms between packets. Regarding the checksum please refer to section 4 (page 11). n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) vv = Control value : 00H-7FH (0-127) Effect 3 (Chorus Send Level) (Controller number 93) Status BnH 2nd bytes 5DH 3rd byte vvH n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) vv = Control value : 00H-7FH (0-127) Section 2. Transmit data Arranger and composer data can not be transmitted. q Program Change Status CnH 2nd bytes ppH s Channel Voice Messages q Note off Status 8nH 2nd byte kkH 3rd byte vvH n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) pp = Program number : 00H-7FH (prog. 1-prog. 128) q Pitch Bend Change Status EnH 2nd byte llH 3rd bytes mmH n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) kk = note number : 00H-7FH (0-127) vv = note off velocity : 00H-7FH (0-127) * Note off message is sent out with the velocity of 40H. n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) mm, ll = Pitch Bend value : 00 00H - 40 00H - 7F 7FH (-8192 - 0 - +8191) s System Realtime Message q Realtime Clock Status F8H q Note on Status 9nH 2nd bytes kkH 3rd byte vvH n = MIDI channel number : 0H-FH (ch. 1-ch. 16) kk = note number : 00H-7FH (0-127) vv = note on velocity : 01H-7FH (1-127) q Active sensing Status FEH * This will be transmitted constantly at intervals of approximately 250 ms. 5 HP 555G MIDI Implementation s System exclusive messages Identity Reply Status F0H Byte F0H 7EH 10H 06H 02H 41H 42H 00H 02H 03H 02H 01H 00H 00H F7H Data byte Status 7EH, 10H, 06H, 02H, 41H, 42H, 00H, 01H, 03H, 00H, 01H, 00H, 00H, F7H F7H Explanation Exclusive status ID number (universal non-realtime message) Device ID (use the same as the device ID of Roland) Sub ID#1 (General Information) Sub ID#2 (Identity Reply) ID number (Roland) Device family code (LSB) Device family code (MSB) Device family number code (LSB) Device family number code (MSB) Software revision level Software revision level Software revision level Software revision level EOX (End of Exclusive) Section 3. Parameter Address Map (Model ID = 42H) This map indicates address, size, Data (range), Parameter, Description, and Default Value of parameters which can be transferred using and "Data set 1 (DT1). " All the numbers of address, size, Data, and Default Value are indicated in 7-bit Hexadecimal-form. s Address Block map An outlined address map of the Exclusive Communication is as follows; Address (H) Block 40 00 00 40 01 3F 40 1x 00 40 2x 5A 41 m0 00 41 m8 7F 48 00 00 48 01 10 48 1D 0F 49 m0 00 49 mE 17 +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SYSTEM PARAMETERS | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PART PARAMETERS | | (x = 0-F) | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SRUM SETUP PARAMETERS | | (m = 0-1) | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SYSTEM PARAMETERS | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | PART PARAMETERS | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | DRUM SETUP PARAMETER | | (m = 0-1) | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Individual Individual Individual Bulk Bulk Bulk 6 HP 555G MIDI Implementaion s Individual Parameters Individual Parameter Transmission transmits data (or requests data) for one parameter as one exclusive message (one packet of "F0 . . . . . In Individual Parameter Transmission, you must use the Address and Size listed in the following "Parameter Address Map. " Addresses marked at "#" cannot be used as starting addresses. q System Parameters Parameters related to the system of the device are called System Parameters. Address (H) Size (H) Data (H) Parameter 40 00 00 00 00 04 0018-07E8 MASTER TUNE 40 00 01# Use nibblized data. MASTER VOLUME (= F0 7F 7F 04 01 00 vv F7) 40 00 05 00 00 01 28-58 MASTER KEY-SHIFT 40 00 06 00 00 01 01-7F MASTER PAN 40 00 7F 00 00 01 00 MODE SET (Rx. only) * Refer to "System exclusive messages related to Mode settings" (page 4). 40 00 04 00 00 01 00-7F Description -100. 0 - +100. 0 [cent] Default Value (H) 00 04 00 00 Description 0 [cent] 0-127 -24 - +24 [semitones] -63 (LEFT) - +63 (RIGHT) 00 = GS Reset 127 = Exit GS 7F 40 40 *** 127 0 [semitones] 0 (CENTER) 40 01 10 00 00 10 00-40 VOICE RESERVE Part 10 (Drum Part) 02 2 40 01 11# Part 1 06 6 40 01 12# Part 2 02 2 40 01 13# Part 3 02 2 40 01 14# Part 4 02 2 40 01 15# Part 5 02 2 40 01 16# Part 6 02 2 40 01 17# Part 7 02 2 40 01 18# Part 8 02 2 40 01 19# Part 9 02 2 40 01 1A# Part 11 00 0 40 01 :# : 40 01 1F# Part 16 00 0 * The sum total of voices in the voice reserve function must be equal to or less than the number of the maximum polyphony. For compatibility with other GS models, it is recommended that the maximum polyphony be equal or less than 24. BANK SELECT is set to ON by power-on or by receiving "GS RESET, " and will be set OFF when "Turn General MIDI System On" is received. ON (OFF*) 8 HP 555G MIDI Implementaion Address (H) Size (H) Data (H) Parameter 40 1x 24 00 00 01 00-01 Rx. BANK SELECT LSB * HP555G can be recognise Bank Select LSB (40H-43H) even if this message is OFF. 40 1x 25 40 1x 28 40 1x 29# 40 1x 30 40 1x 31 40 1x 32 40 1x 33 40 1x 34 40 1x 35 40 1x 36 40 1x 37 00 00 01 00 00 03 00-01 00-7F TONE REMAIN Bank Select LSB Range Description OFF/ON Default Value (H) 00 Description OFF OFF/ON LSB (from) LSB (to) 01 40 43 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ON 40H 43H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 0E-72 0E-72 0E-72 0E-72 0E-72 0E-72 0E-72 0E-72 TONE MODIFY 1 -50 - +50 Vibrato rate (= NRPN# 8) TONE MODIFY 2 -50 - +50 Vibrato depth (= NRPN# 9) TONE MODIFY 3 -50 - +50 TVF cutoff frequency (= NRPN# 32) TONE MODIFY 4 -50 - +50 TVF resonance (= NRPN# 33) TONE MODIFY 5 -50 - +50 TVF&TVA Env. attack (= NRPN# 99) TONE MODIFY 6 -50 - +50 TVF&TVA Env. decay (= NRPN# 100) TONE MODIFY 7 -50 - +50 TVF&TVA Env. release (= NRPN# 102) TONE MODIFY 8 -50 - +50 Vibrato delay (= NRPN# 10) 40 1x 40 00 00 0C 00-7F SCALE TUNING C -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 41# 00-7F SCALE TUNING C# -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 42# 00-7F SCALE TUNING D -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 43# 00-7F SCALE TUNING D# -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 44# 00-7F SCALE TUNING E -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 45# 00-7F SCALE TUNING F -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 46# 00-7F SCALE TUNING F# -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 47# 00-7F SCALE TUNING G -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 48# 00-7F SCALE TUNING G# -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 49# 00-7F SCALE TUNING A -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 4A# 00-7F SCALE TUNING A# -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] 40 1x 4B# 00-7F SCALE TUNING B -64 - +63 [cent] 40 0 [cent] * SCALE TUNING is a function that allows fine adjustment to the pitch of each note in the octave. The pitch of each identically-named note in all octaves will change simultaneously. 40 2x 00 40 2x 01 40 2x 02 40 2x 03 40 2x 04 40 2x 05 40 2x 06 40 2x 07 40 2x 08 40 2x 09 40 2x 0A 40 2x 10 40 2x 11 40 2x 12 40 2x 13 40 2x 14 40 2x 15 40 2x 16 40 2x 17 40 2x 18 40 2x 19 40 2x 1A 40 2x 20 40 2x 21 40 2x 22 40 2x 23 40 2x 24 40 2x 25 40 2x 26 40 2x 27 40 2x 28 40 2x 29 40 2x 2A 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 28-58 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 40-58 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 28-58 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F MOD PITCH CONTROL MOD TVF CUTOFF CONTROL MOD AMPLITUDE CONTROL MOD LFO1 RATE CONTROL MOD LFO1 PITCH DEPTH MOD LFO1 TVF DEPTH MOD LFO1 TVA DEPTH MOD LFO2 RATE CONTROL MOD LFO2 PITCH DEPTH MOD LFO2 TVF DEPTH MOD LFO2 TVA DEPTH -24 - +24 [semitone] -9600 - +9600 [cent] -100. 0 - +100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] 40 40 40 40 0A 00 00 40 00 00 00 42 40 40 40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 40 40 40 40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 0 [semitones] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 47 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 2 [semitones] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [semitones] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] BEND PITCH CONTROL 0-24 [semitone] BEND TVF CUTOFF CONTROL -9600 - +9600 [cent] BEND AMPLITUDE CONTROL -100. 0 - +100. 0 [%] BEND LFO1 RATE CONTROL -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] BEND LFO1 PITCH DEPTH 0-600 [cent] BEND LFO1 TVF DEPTH 0-2400 [cent] BEND LFO1 TVA DEPTH 0-100. 0 [%] BEND LFO2 RATE CONTROL -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] BEND LFO2 PITCH DEPTH 0-600 [cent] BEND LFO2 TVF DEPTH 0-2400 [cent] BEND LFO2 TVA DEPTH 0-100. 0 [%] CAf PITCH CONTROL CAf TVF CUTOFF CONTROL CAf AMPLITUDE CONTROL CAf LFO1 RATE CONTROL CAf LFO1 PITCH DEPTH CAf LFO1 TVF DEPTH CAf LFO1 TVA DEPTH CAf LFO2 RATE CONTROL CAf LFO2 PITCH DEPTH CAf LFO2 TVF DEPTH CAf LFO2 TVA DEPTH -24 - +24 [semitone] -9600 - +9600 [cent] -100. 0 - +100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] 9 HP 555G MIDI Implementation Address (H) 40 2x 30 40 2x 31 40 2x 32 40 2x 33 40 2x 34 40 2x 35 40 2x 36 40 2x 37 40 2x 38 40 2x 39 40 2x 3A 40 2x 40 40 2x 41 40 2x 42 40 2x 43 40 2x 44 40 2x 45 40 2x 46 40 2x 47 40 2x 48 40 2x 49 40 2x 4A 40 2x 50 40 2x 51 40 2x 52 40 2x 53 40 2x 54 40 2x 55 40 2x 56 40 2x 57 40 2x 58 40 2x 59 40 2x 5A Size (H) 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 Data (H) 28-58 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 28-58 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 28-58 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F Parameter PAf PITCH CONTROL PAf TVF CUTOFF CONTROL PAf AMPLITUDE CONTROL PAf LFO1 RATE CONTROL PAf LFO1 PITCH DEPTH PAf LFO1 TVF DEPTH PAf LFO1 TVA DEPTH PAf LFO2 RATE CONTROL PAf LFO2 PITCH DEPTH PAf LFO2 TVF DEPTH PAf LFO2 TVA DEPTH CC1 PITCH CONTROL CC1 TVF CUTOFF CONTROL CC1 AMPLITUDE CONTROL CC1 LFO1 RATE CONTROL CC1 LFO1 PITCH DEPTH CC1 LFO1 TVF DEPTH CC1 LFO1 TVA DEPTH CC1 LFO2 RATE CONTROL CC1 LFO2 PITCH DEPTH CC1 LFO2 TVF DEPTH CC1 LFO2 TVA DEPTH CC2 PITCH CONTROL CC2 TVF CUTOFF CONTROL CC2 AMPLITUDE CONTROL CC2 LFO1 RATE CONTROL CC2 LFO1 PITCH DEPTH CC2 LFO1 TVF DEPTH CC2 LFO1 TVA DEPTH CC2 LFO2 RATE CONTROL CC2 LFO2 PITCH DEPTH CC2 LFO2 TVF DEPTH CC2 LFO2 TVA DEPTH Description -24 - +24 [semitone] -9600 - +9600 [cent] -100. 0 - +100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] -24 - +24 [semitone] -9600 - +9600 [cent] -100. 0 - +100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] -24 - +24 [semitone] -9600 - +9600 [cent] -100. 0 - +100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] -10. 0 - +10. 0 [Hz] 0-600 [cent] 0-2400 [cent] 0-100. 0 [%] Default Value (H) 40 40 40 40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 40 40 40 40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 40 40 40 40 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 Description 0 [semitones] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [semitones] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [semitones] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] 0 [Hz] 0 [cent] 0 [cent] 0 [%] q Drum Setup Parameters * * m: Map number (0 = MAP1, 1 = MAP2) rr: drum part note number (00H-7FH) Size (H) 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 00 00 01 Data (H) 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-7F 00-01 00-01 Parameter Description PLAY NOTE NUMBER Pitch coarse LEVEL TVA level (= NRPN# 26) ASSIGN GROUP NUMBER Non, 1-127 PANPOT -64 (RANDOM), -63 (LEFT) - +63 (RIGHT) (= NRPN# 28, except RANDOM) REVERB SEND LEVEL 0. 0-1. 0 (= NRPN# 29) Multiplicand of the part reverb depth CHORUS SEND LEVEL 0. 0-1. 0 (= NRPN# 30) Multiplicand of the part chorus depth Rx. NOTE ON OFF/ON Address (H) 41 m1 rr 41 m2 rr 41 m3 rr 41 m4 rr 41 m5 rr 41 m6 rr 41 m7 rr 41 m8 rr * When the Drum Set is changed, DRUM SETUP PARAMETER values will all be initialized. 10 HP 555G MIDI Implementation Section 4. Supplementary material q Decimal and Hexadecimal table In MIDI documentation, data values and addresses/sizes of exclusive messages etc. +------------+------------++------------+------------++------------+------------++------------+------------+ | Dec. | +------------+------------++------------+------------++------------+------------++------------+------------+ | 0 | 00H || 32 | 20H || 64 | 40H || 96 | 60H | | 1 | 01H || 33 | 21H || 65 | 41H || 97 | 61H | | 2 | 02H || 34 | 22H || 66 | 42H || 98 | 62H | | 3 | 03H || 35 | 23H || 67 | 43H || 99 | 63H | | 4 | 04H || 36 | 24H || 68 | 44H || 100 | 64H | | 5 | 05H || 37 | 25H || 69 | 45H || 101 | 65H | | 6 | 06H || 38 | 26H || 70 | 46H || 102 | 66H | | 7 | 07H || 39 | 27H || 71 | 47H || 103 | 67H | | 8 | 08H || 40 | 28H || 72 | 48H || 104 | 68H | | 9 | 09H || 41 | 29H || 73 | 49H || 105 | 69H | | 10 | 0AH || 42 | 2AH || 74 | 4AH || 106 | 6AH | | 11 | 0BH || 43 | 2BH || 75 | 4BH || 107 | 6BH | | 12 | 0CH || 44 | 2CH || 76 | 4CH || 108 | 6CH | | 13 | 0DH || 45 | 2DH || 77 | 4DH || 109 | 6DH | | 14 | 0EH || 46 | 2EH || 78 | 4EH || 110 | 6EH | | 15 | 0FH || 47 | 2FH || 79 | 4FH || 111 | 6FH | | 16 | 10H || 48 | 30H || 80 | 50H || 112 | 70H | | 17 | 11H || 49 | 31H || 81 | 51H || 113 | 71H | | 18 | 12H || 50 | 32H || 82 | 52H || 114 | 72H | | 19 | 13H || 51 | 33H || 83 | 53H || 115 | 73H | | 20 | 14H || 52 | 34H || 84 | 54H || 116 | 74H | | 21 | 15H || 53 | 35H || 85 | 55H || 117 | 75H | | 22 | 16H || 54 | 36H || 86 | 56H || 118 | 76H | | 23 | 17H || 55 | 37H || 87 | 57H || 119 | 77H | | 24 | 18H || 56 | 38H || 88 | 58H || 120 | 78H | | 25 | 19H || 57 | 39H || 89 | 59H || 121 | 79H | | 26 | 1AH || 58 | 3AH || 90 | 5AH || 122 | 7AH | | 27 | 1BH || 69 | 3BH || 91 | 5BH || 123 | 7BH | | 28 | 1CH || 60 | 3CH || 92 | 5CH || 124 | 7CH | | 29 | 1DH || 61 | 3DH || 93 | 5DH || 125 | 7DH | | 30 | 1EH || 62 | 3EH || 94 | 5EH || 126 | 7EH | | 31 | 1FH || 63 | 3FH || 95 | 5FH || 127 | 7FH | +------------+------------++------------+------------++------------+------------++------------+------------+ * * Decimal values such as MIDI channel, bank select, and program change are listed as one (1) greater than the values given in the above table. For data where greater precision is required, we must use two or more bytes. For example, two hexadecimal numbers aa bbH expressing two 7-bit bytes would indicate a value of aa x 128 + bb. In the case of values which have a ± sign, 00H = -64, 40H = ±0, and 7FH = +63, so that the decimal expression would be 64 less than the value given in the above chart. [. . . ] For example, the settings introduced below will set the unit to use the Arabian Scale. <Example 2> Requesting transmission of the LEVEL for DRUM MAP 1 NOTE NUMBER 75 (D#5; Claves) NOTE NUMBER 75 (D#5) is 4BH in hexadecimal. According to the "Parameter Address Map, " LEVEL of NOTE NUMBER 75 (D#5; Claves) in DRUM MAP 1 has an Address of 41 02 4BH and a Size of 00 00 01H. Thus, F0 (1) 41 (2) 10 (3) 42 (4) 11 (5) 41 02 4B Address 00 00 01 size ??checksum F7 (6) Example Settings Note name C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B Equal Temperament 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Just Temperament (Keytone C) 0 -8 +4 +16 -14 -2 -10 +2 +14 -16 +14 -12 Arabian Scale -6 +45 -2 -12 -51 -8 +43 -4 +47 0 -10 -49 (1) Exclusive Status, (2) ID (Roland), (3) Device ID (17), (4) Model ID (GS), (5) Command ID (RQ1), (6) End of Exclusive Next we calculate the checksum. [. . . ]